Delphi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Delphi ( or ; Greek: . Moreover, it was considered as the navel (or centre) of the world by the Greeks as represented by the Omphalos. It occupies an impressive site on the south- western slope of Mount Parnassus overlooking the coastal plain to the south and the valley of Phocis. It is now an extensive archaeological site and the modern town is nearby. It is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in having had a phenomenal influence in the Ancient world, as evidenced by the rich monuments built there by most of the important ancient Greek city- states, demonstrating their fundamental Hellenic unity. He sent two eagles flying from the eastern and western extremities, and the path of the eagles crossed over Delphi where the omphalos, or navel of Gaia was found. Apollo was said to have slain Python, a . Pottery and bronze work as well as tripod dedications continue in a steady stream, in comparison to Olympia. Neither the range of objects nor the presence of prestigious dedications proves that Delphi was a focus of attention for a wide range of worshippers, but the large quantity of high value goods, found in no other mainland sanctuary, certainly encourages that view. Apollo's sacred precinct in Delphi was a panhellenic sanctuary, where every four years, starting in 5. BC. The victors at Delphi were presented with a laurel crown (stephanos) which was ceremonially cut from a tree by a boy who re- enacted the slaying of the Python. Delphi would have been a renowned city whether or not it hosted these games; it had other attractions that led to it being labeled the . After the battle of Plataea, the Greek cities extinguished their fires and brought new fire from the hearth of Greece, at Delphi; in the foundation stories of several Greek colonies, the founding colonists were first dedicated at Delphi. This semicircular spur is known as Phaedriades, and overlooks the Pleistos Valley. Dedication to Apollo. The Pythia program is a standard tool for the generation of high-energy collisions (specif-ically, it focuses on centre-of-mass energies greater than about. We refer to the example programs included both with Pythia and with. The stone steps/seats at right were added under the Romans. The name Delphoi comes from the same root as . The epithet is connected with dolphins (Greek . The Homeric name of the oracle is Pytho (. In commemoration of this legend, the winners at the Pythian Games received a wreath of laurel picked in the Temple. MC4BSM-2012 Tutorial: PYTHIA 8 Stefan Ask. For this we use the Pythia 8 SlowJet program (found in the. Description: Pythia is a program for the generation of high-energy physics events, i.e. Tutorial on Writing Simple Event Generators and the Les. The black line is the result of the example program and the red line the result from HERWIG for the Standard Model with the same. Abstract: The Pythia program can be used to generate high-energy-physics . 5.3.1 A simple example 82 5.3.2 Complete PYTHIA events 83 5.4 The HEPEVT standard 87 6. The old electron-positron annihilation routines 91. Example Main Programs. In order to illustrate how to run PYTHIA 6.4, a few sample programs are collected below. Delphi became the site of a major temple to Phoebus Apollo, as well as the Pythian Games and the famous prehistoric oracle. Even in Roman times, hundreds of votive statues remained, described by Pliny the Younger and seen by Pausanias. Carved into the temple were three phrases: . However, ancient as well as modern scholars have doubted the legitimacy of such inscriptions. Most likely they were popular proverbs, which tended later to be attributed to particular sages. To atone the murder of Gaia's son, Apollo was forced to fly and spend eight years in menial service before he could return forgiven. Pythian, a global IT services company, announces gender stats and launches its Pythia Program, an initiative to improve gender diversity in tech.A festival, the Septeria, was held every year, at which the whole story was represented: the slaying of the serpent, and the flight, atonement, and return of the god. The culmination of the festival was a display of an image of the gods, usually hidden in the sanctuary, to worshippers. Myths indicate that Apollo killed the chthonic serpent. Python, Pythia in older myths, but according to some later accounts his wife, Pythia, who lived beside the Castalian Spring. Some sources say it is because Python had attempted to rape Leto while she was pregnant with Apollo and Artemis. This spring flowed toward the temple but disappeared beneath, creating a cleft which emitted chemical vapors that caused the Oracle at Delphi to reveal her prophecies. Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it, since she was a child of Gaia. The shrine dedicated to Apollo was originally dedicated to Gaia and shared with Poseidon. According to Aeschylus in the prologue of the Eumenides, the oracle had origins in prehistoric times and the worship of Gaea, a view echoed by H. W. She sat on a tripod seat over an opening in the earth (the . When Apollo slew Python, its body fell into this fissure, according to legend, and fumes arose from its decomposing body. Intoxicated by the vapours, the sibyl would fall into a trance, allowing Apollo to possess her spirit. In this state she prophesied. While in a trance the Pythia . It has been speculated that a gas high in ethylene, known to produce violent trances, came out of this opening, though this theory remains debatable. A review of contemporary toxicological literature indicates that oleander causes symptoms similar to those of the Pythia, and a study of ancient texts shows that oleander was often included under the term . So it is likely that the Pythia used oleander prior to her oracular pronouncements, chewing its leaves and inhaling their smoke. The toxic substances of oleander resulted in symptoms similar to those of epilepsy, the . Dionysus would inhabit the temple during his absence. She also was respected by the Greek- influenced countries around the periphery of the Greek world, such as Lydia, Caria, and even Egypt. The oracle was also known to the early Romans. Rome's seventh and last king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, after witnessing a snake near his palace, sent a delegation including two of his sons to consult the oracle. During the raid, part of the temple roof collapsed. Thus the Oracle fell in decay and the surrounding area became impoverished. The sparse local population led to difficulties in filling the posts required. The Oracle's credibility waned due to doubtful predictions. The oracle relatively flourished again during the rule of emperor Hadrian, who is believed to have visited the oracle twice. Also, Hadrian offered complete autonomy to the city. The attempt of the emperor Julian to revive polytheism did not survive his reign. The town started to have a pan- Hellenic relevance as both a shrine and an oracle in the 7th century BC. Initially under the control of Phocaean settlers based in nearby Kirra (currently Itea), Delphi was reclaimed by the Athenians during the First Sacred War (5. The conflict resulted in the consolidation of the Amphictyonic League, which had both a military and a religious function revolving around the protection of the Temple of Apollo. This shrine was destroyed by fire in 5. BC and then fell under the control of the Alcmaeonids banned from Athens. In 3. 56 BC the Phocians under Philomelos captured and sacked Delphi, leading to the Third Sacred War (3. This led to the Fourth Sacred War (3. BC), which culminated in the Battle of Chaeronea (3. BC) and the establishment of Macedonian rule over Greece. In Delphi, Macedonian rule was superseded by the Aetolians in 2. BC, when a Gallic invasion was repelled, and by the Romans in 1. BC. The site was sacked by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 8. BC, during the Mithridatic Wars, and by Nero in 6. AD. Even though subsequent Roman emperors of the Flavian dynasty contributed towards to the restoration of the site, it gradually lost importance until it was shut by Theodosius I in 3. AD. Most of the ruins that survive today date from the most intense period of activity at the site in the 6th century BC. It was erected on the remains of an earlier temple, dated to the 6th century BC which itself was erected on the site of a 7th- century BC construction attributed to the architects Trophonios and Agamedes. The new building was a Doric hexastyle temple of 6 by 1. This temple was destroyed in 3. BC by an earthquake. The pediment sculptures are a tribute to Praxias and Androsthenes of Athens. Of a similar proportion to the second temple it retained the 6 by 1. The temple had the statement . The monument was partly restored during 1. They met biannually and came from Thessaly and central Greece. Over time, the town of Delphi gained more control of itself and the council lost much of its influence. These were built by many of the Greek city states to commemorate victories and to thank the oracle for her advice which was thought to have contributed to those victories. These buildings held the rich offerings made to Apollo; these were frequently a . The most impressive is the now- restored Athenian Treasury, built to commemorate their victory at the Battle of Marathon in 4. BC. The Siphnian Treasury was dedicated by the city of Siphnos whose citizens gave a tithe of the yield from their silver mines until the mines came to an abrupt end when the sea flooded the workings. One of the largest of the treasuries was that of Argos. Built in the late Doric period, the Argives took great pride in establishing their place amongst the other city states. Completed in 3. 80. BC, the treasury draws inspiration mostly from the Temple of Hera located in the Argolis, the acropolis of the city. However, recent analysis of the Archaic elements of the treasury suggest that its founding preceded this. Other identifiable treasuries are those of the Sikyonians, the Boeotians and the Thebans. Altar of the Chians. It is dated to the 5th century BC by the inscription on its cornice. Made entirely of black marble, except for the base and cornice, the altar would have made a striking impression. It was restored in 1. It was built in the Ionic order and consists of seven fluted columns, unusually carved from single pieces of stone (most columns were constructed from a series of discs joined together). The inscription on the stylobate indicates that it was built by the Athenians after their naval victory over the Persians in 4. BC, to house their war trophies. The stoa was attached to the existing Polygonal Wall. It is claimed to be where an ancient Sibyl pre- dating the Pythia of Apollo sat to deliver her prophecies. Theatre. The orchestra was initially a full circle with a diameter measuring 7 meters. The rectangular scene building ended up in two arched openings, of which the foundations are preserved today. Access to the theatre was possible through the parodoi, i.
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